Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III (Jawi: حسن البلقية ابن عمر علي سيف الدين ٣; born 15 July 1946) has been the Sultan of Brunei since 1967 and the prime minister of Brunei since its independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. As one of the rare absolute monarchs in the contemporary world, he holds significant political and economic power.
The eldest son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit, Hassanal Bolkiah is the 29th Sultan of Brunei, ascending the throne after his father’s abdication in 1967. Over the decades, he has amassed considerable wealth, consistently being listed among the world’s wealthiest individuals. As of 2023, his net worth is estimated at $30 billion.
Hassanal Bolkiah holds the distinction of being the world’s longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state. His reign reached a remarkable milestone on 5 October 2017, when he celebrated his Golden Jubilee, marking 50 years on the throne.
Early Life and Education of Hassanal Bolkiah
Pengiran Muda (Prince) Hassanal Bolkiah was born on 15 July 1946, during the reign of his uncle, Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin, in Istana Darussalam. His father, Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara at the time, was the heir presumptive to the Bruneian throne, making Hassanal second in line at birth. He has three brothers, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, Prince Sufri Bolkiah, and Prince Jefri Bolkiah, and six sisters, Princess Masna Bolkiah, Princess Nor’ain Bolkiah, Princess Umi Kalthum Al-Islam Bolkiah, Princess Amal Rakiah Bolkiah, Princess Amal Nasibah Bolkiah, and Princess Amal Jefriah Bolkiah.
His early education began at Istana Darul Hana Surau in late 1955 and concluded in early 1959. According to Abdul Ghani bin Jamil, who gave an interview about this period, Hassanal Bolkiah and several other royal children, including Prince Mohamed Bolkiah and Princess Masna Bolkiah, studied together at the surau. Hassanal, being the eldest, stood out among his peers.
At the age of nine, Hassanal Bolkiah completed his third-grade education at Jamalul Alam Malay School in Brunei Town in 1955. He was taught by Abdul Rahman bin Haii Mohd. Ja’afar for a brief period before receiving “Private Tuition” at the surau. Demonstrating a quick grasp of English literature, he advanced to the sixth grade within four years, showing a preference for sciences, languages, and history.
Hassanal Bolkiah continued his education at Istana Darul Hana Surau for over four years before moving to Kuala Lumpur. He attended Jalan Gurney School and later studied at Victoria Institution from January 1961 to December 1963, making him the first Sultan of Brunei to complete his education both domestically and abroad. According to V. Murugasu, the headmaster of Victoria Institution, he exhibited leadership qualities from a young age. During his time at Victoria Institution, he joined the Cadet Corps and was named the best recruit in 1961, eventually rising to the rank of Lance Corporal.
At the age of fifteen, on 14 July 1961, Hassanal Bolkiah was crowned Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota (His Royal Highness the Crown Prince). During the Brunei revolt in December 1962, the 2nd Gurkha Rifles were dispatched to Brunei, and Lieutenant Colonel Digby Willoughby played a crucial role in rescuing his father, an act for which his father was deeply grateful.
Due to strained relations between Brunei and Malaysia in 1963, Hassanal Bolkiah returned to Brunei to complete his education at Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien College. He married Pengiran Anak Saleha on 29 July 1965. On 4 January 1966, he enrolled as a cadet officer at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS). Throughout his time at RMAS, he studied English, mathematics, science, military science, and international affairs, with a particular focus on Russia. His training emphasized self-discipline and responsibility, essential skills for his future role.
Hassanal Bolkiah left for England on 7 September 1966 to pursue further studies but had to return to Brunei in October 1967 due to national duties, missing the final weeks of his term at RMAS. Despite this, he graduated and was commissioned as an Honorary Captain in the Coldstream Guards on 1 March 1968.
Reign of Hassanal Bolkiah
Proclamation
On the evening of 4 October 1967, after 17 years in power, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III voluntarily abdicated the throne to pave the way for his eldest son, Crown Prince Hassanal Bolkiah, who was 21 years old at the time. Following this announcement, Hassanal Bolkiah returned to Brunei before completing his studies to take on his father’s responsibilities as the leader of the nation’s government and its people. The declaration was formally announced on Radio Brunei by Pengiran Pemancha Anak Haji Mohamed Alam, the Ketua Adat Istiadat, that night.
The Coronation of Hassanal Bolkiah
On 5 October 1967, at 3:00 p.m., Hassanal Bolkiah was officially crowned as Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah, the 29th Sultan of Brunei, at Balai Singgahsana Istana Darul Hana. The coronation ceremony was attended by state dignitaries, including the Wazir, Cheteria, Acting Menteri Besar, and members of the Legislative Council (LegCo). This historic event, which stunned the entire nation, became known as Peristewa 4hb. Oktober (the 4th October Event).
Upon abdicating, Hassanal Bolkiah’s father assumed the title Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan (His Highness the Retired Sultan), while his mother, Pengiran Anak Damit, took on the title Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Suri Seri Begawan.
During the ceremony, the Acting Menteri Besar pledged on behalf of government officials, “loyalty that does not waver even for a single point and is similar to what was once offered to Paduka Ayahanda Baginda (His Majesty’s Father)… His Majesty will follow in the footsteps and example of Paduka Ayahanda Baginda in performing his role as Sultan.” In his first speech as Sultan of Brunei, delivered inside the Balai Singgahsana, Hassanal Bolkiah expressed:
“I, as Sultan of Negara Brunei Darussalam, would endeavour to carry out the policies of my dear father, and would always safeguard and preserve the peace, tranquility, and prosperity of the country.”
— Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah, 5 October 1967
Coronation
Six months before the Perpuspaan (Coronation), a meeting of the country’s nobles and high-ranking officials was convened to plan the ceremony. An official announcement was distributed to all districts of Brunei. Following this, a red flag was raised at Bukit Sungai Kebun and a yellow flag at Bukit Panggal, symbolizing the forthcoming event. On 8 January 1968, at 8:15 p.m., the Acting Menteri Besar announced the date of the coronation through Radio Brunei, declaring:
So I hereby act as Acting Chief Administrative Officer of the State of Brunei to uphold the agreement that has been approved by His Majesty the Sultan in the Privy Council which convened on 8 January 1968, declared that the date of the coronation of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Muiz’zaddin Wad’daulah, Sultan of Brunei, will be held on the 1 August 1968, same to 6 Jamadil-Awal 1388, that is on Thursday.
— Yang Amat Berhormat Pengiran Dato Seri Utama Haji Mohd. Yusuf, 8 January 1968
On 1 February 1968, two separate groups were dispatched to Bukit Panggal and Bukit Sungai Kebun. Yang Berhormat Pehin Orang Kaya Perdana Haji Muhammad formally hoisted the red flag at Bukit Sungai Kebun, while Yang Dimuliakan Pehin Orang Kaya Shahbandar Haji Ahmad raised the yellow flag at Bukit Panggal. According to Bruneian tradition, the coronation of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah began with this ceremonial flag-raising atop the two hills.
The coronation coverage by Radio Brunei and the Information Department was acclaimed as one of the year’s finest broadcasts. Additionally, the Coronation Committee engaged a Japanese film company to create a color film documenting the event. This film was made available in both 35 mm and 16 mm formats for international distribution.
As thousands of residents and tourists gathered at vantage points in Pusat Bandar—where access had been restricted to official vehicles since early morning—dignitaries from near and far observed the ancient ritual in the newly constructed Lapau. After the customary Muslim washing rite at the palace and a 21-gun salute, the Sultan made his entrance in a brand-new six-door Mercedes-Benz 600 Pullman Landaulet, with the roof retracted to allow visibility.
At the fire station, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and his attendants, dressed in vivid ceremonial attire, took their places in the Usongan Diraja (Royal Chariot). The Sultan wore a striking red and gold ceremonial outfit adorned with his medals. The chariot, specifically designed for the coronation, featured a throne upholstered in tiger skin and a body crafted from 26 carved wooden panels decorated with 24-carat gold and precious diamonds. Measuring about 85 feet (26 meters) in length, it was driven on 1 August 1968 by fifty soldiers from the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment (RBMR), specially selected and dressed in black.
During the ceremony, the Sultan received the crown and was handed the Keris si-Naga by his father, Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien. This ceremonial sword symbolizes supreme royal power in Brunei. Following the crown’s placement, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien removed his ceremonial saber, pledging his loyalty to his son as the new head of state and religion. Like his predecessor, the new Sultan vowed to maintain national peace and prosperity, improve the standard of living through development projects, and uphold Islam as well as Brunei’s customs and traditions. After the coronation, the Sultan embarked on a procession through the capital, greeted by cheering schoolchildren who chanted “Daulat Tuanku” (Long Live the King).
The ceremony was attended by notable foreign dignitaries, including Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, Malaysian Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, and British High Commissioner to Brunei Arthur Adair, who represented Queen Elizabeth II. To mark the occasion, the Coronation Medal and commemorative stamps were issued.
Early Reign
During the early years of his reign, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah relied heavily on his father for guidance on significant state matters due to his youth and inexperience in governance. This reliance was evident in his coronation speech, where he addressed his challenges and the continued influence of his father in Brunei’s politics. Despite his previous assertions of non-involvement in politics, it was clear that Hassanal Bolkiah still wielded considerable influence. The involvement of his father, providing what some termed the “power behind the throne,” underscored the stability of the royal family. Under the 1959 Constitution, the Sultan held full executive authority, including emergency powers established after the 1962 Brunei revolt.
The British government’s push for Brunei to transition to an independent parliamentary democracy clashed with Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and his father’s preference for maintaining the existing monarchical structure. They were concerned about Brunei’s security and felt unprepared for independence without British protection. During visits by British officials Malcolm MacDonald in January 1968 and George Thomson in April 1968, the Sultan and his father voiced their apprehensions regarding the potential impact of a British military withdrawal from the region.
In response, Hassanal Bolkiah led a delegation to London to negotiate Brunei’s political future. From 19 September to 26 October 1968, the delegation engaged in discussions with British officials concerning the stationing of Gurkha troops and the provisions of the 1959 Agreement, which covered Brunei’s security and British responsibility for its foreign affairs, due to expire in November 1970. Despite the lack of immediate change in the British position, Hassanal Bolkiah remained hopeful and continued to seek further negotiations.
Between May and December 1969, Hassanal Bolkiah made three trips to London in an attempt to influence the British government. However, these efforts proved unsuccessful, with the British government steadfast in its position to remove all military troops, including those stationed in Brunei. On 14 November 1969, the Sultan, accompanied by Prince Mohamed Bolkiah and other officials, traveled to London once more to continue discussions with Malcolm Shepherd and Michael Stewart. Despite these ongoing efforts, the British Labour Party government remained resolute in its decision to transfer sovereignty over Brunei.
In April 1970, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah made another attempt to resolve the ongoing negotiations with the British government, but his efforts were thwarted. The British government, believing Brunei could defend itself independently, refused to compromise, despite the impending expiration of the defense pact in November 1970. Hassanal Bolkiah expressed grave concern, stating that even if half the male population joined the armed forces, Brunei would still be unable to defend itself effectively.
However, with the election of the Conservative Party in the UK, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah found renewed optimism. The new British government agreed to maintain a limited presence of British troops in Southeast Asia, including Gurkha soldiers in Brunei and decided not to terminate the 1959 Agreement, which was set to expire on 30 June 1970. This development led to successful negotiations with Anthony Royle in November 1970, culminating in the Brunei–British Friendship Agreement signed on 23 November 1971. This agreement granted Brunei “full internal independence” while limiting the British High Commissioner’s authority to foreign affairs only.
In addition to assuming the title of Inspector General of the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF), Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah adopted the title “General, Askar Melayu Brunei” on his birthday in 1971. In a statement dated 14 July 1971, he explained that this was “by long-established Royal Custom in other countries.” He first wore the RBMR general’s uniform during his 25th birthday procession.
A significant budget of B$500 million was allocated for the Third National Development Plan (RKN3), which was implemented from 1975 to 1979. This plan prioritized maintaining high employment levels and diversifying the economy through accelerated agricultural and industrial development. The subsequent Fourth National Development Plan (RKN4), with a budget of B$2.2 billion for 1980–1984, focused on advancing economic, social, and cultural well-being. The Fifth National Development Plan (RKN5), with a budget of B$3.7 billion for 1986–1990, aimed to enhance living standards through expanded services and infrastructure while supporting economic and social growth.
Under Chapter 55 of the 1959 Constitution, the 1970-elected Legislative Council was dissolved on 15 December 1977 with the Sultan’s approval. Hassanal Bolkiah consented to restructure and reappoint several former council members, and a new council was formally convened on 22 December 1977. However, the following day, the Sultan dissolved the council once more.
In 1978, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah led another mission to London to negotiate Brunei’s full independence from British oversight. The result was the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Brunei and Great Britain, which took effect on 1 January 1984. This treaty relieved the British Government of its responsibilities regarding Brunei’s foreign affairs and defense, marking Brunei’s formal independence from the United Kingdom. On this historic day, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah assumed control as the head of the newly sovereign nation under a democratic monarchy, and he recited the Declaration of Independence at midnight.
The time has now arrived when Brunei Darussalam will resume full international responsibility as a sovereign and independent nation in the community of nations.
— Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah, 1 January 1984
On the day Brunei achieved independence, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah held the positions of Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Finance. During this pivotal moment, he also established Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) as the national philosophy. MIB, which translates to “Malay Islamic Monarchy,” was declared as a fundamental guiding principle for the nation’s citizens, irrespective of their religion, culture, or social background.
This philosophy underscores the significance of the royal family, Malay cultural traditions, and Islamic teachings in shaping Brunei’s historical and cultural identity. MIB not only reflects the nation’s heritage but also acts as a safeguard against external influences, ensuring that Brunei’s unique cultural and religious values are preserved and protected.
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah reinstated the Legislative Council (LegCo) on 27 December 1983. However, this council was dissolved just a few months later on 13 February 1984. In a gesture of international goodwill, he donated B$210,000 to the United Nations International School (UNIS) to mark the United Nations’ 40th anniversary and the first year of Brunei’s membership. The donation was presented by Pengiran Bahrain, the Sultan’s special envoy, to Refauddin Ahmad, the chairman of UNIS.
The Sixth National Development Plan (RKN6), with a budget of B$5.5 billion, was implemented from 1991 to 1995. This plan aimed to address the country’s needs by improving the standard of living and quality of life for its citizens, as well as strengthening the national economy. The Seventh National Development Plan (RKN7), which began in 1985 with a total budget of B$7.2 billion, continued these efforts. It was a long-term 20-year development strategy focused on enhancing economic performance and further advancing the quality of life for Bruneians.
On 23 February 1997, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah reassumed the role of Minister of Finance, a position he had previously held from 1984 to 1986 before it was taken over by his brother, Prince Jefri Bolkiah.
Silver Jubilee Celebrations
The Silver Jubilee of 1992 marked 25 years since Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s ascension to the throne. To celebrate this milestone, Brunei invested approximately $200 million in a grand commemoration. The extensive festivities included the construction of a 6,000-seat mosque topped with a gold dome, the creation of 21 guest residences for visiting dignitaries, an exhibition center, and the provision of 200 Mercedes-Benz vehicles for guests.
In honor of the Silver Jubilee, the Churchill Memorial Building was renamed the Royal Brunei Regalia Building in 1992. Additionally, the Silver Jubilee Medal (Pingat Jubli Perak) was established to commemorate the occasion, with awards presented in three classes: gold, silver, and bronze.
The highlight of the Silver Jubilee celebrations was a lavish banquet hosted at Istana Nurul Iman. The event was graced by numerous royal guests, including Yang di-Pertuan Agong Azlan Shah and Raja Permaisuri Tuanku Bainun of Malaysia, Prince Edward, as well as various Sultans and their consorts from Malaysian states.
During a ceremony at Istana Nurul Iman, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, along with his two wives and ten children, all dressed in striking yellow attire adorned with jewels, made a prominent appearance before his people. In his address, the 46-year-old Sultan pledged to uphold his late father’s policies, which focused on maintaining peace, improving the standard of living, and promoting the prosperity of Brunei while upholding Islamic values. Following the ceremony, the Sultan traveled through the capital in a Rolls-Royce Silver Spur limousine and later appeared in a grand wooden and gold chariot, accompanied by attendants in black costumes.
In celebration of the Silver Jubilee, the people of Kuala Belait gifted the Sultan with a recreational park, known as Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Silver Jubilee Park. This park has since become a notable tourist attraction and landmark in the area. Additionally, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s reign, the Sultan established the Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation.
The New Millennium
In 2004, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah reinstated the Legislative Council (LegCo), which had been inactive since 1962. On 25 September 2004, the Sultan reconvened the council after a 21-year hiatus, with the primary agenda being a proposed amendment to the 1959 constitution. The proposed amendment aimed to expand the LegCo to 45 seats, including 15 elected positions. This proposal was approved by the council.
However, on 1 September 2005, the Sultan dissolved the council again, only to reestablish it the following day under the revised Brunei Constitution.
In September 2005, the Sultan of Brunei nominated five individuals to serve as members of the newly formed Legislative Council (LegCo). These members were chosen through an indirect election process representing village councils. Plans were underway in 2006 and 2007 to expand the legislature to 45 members, with 15 seats to be directly elected by the public. However, by the end of those years, elections had yet to be scheduled. The Internal Security Act (ISA) remained a cornerstone in preserving the Sultan’s authority, while all state power continued to be vested within the Sultan’s family and designated successors. In a reported amendment to Brunei’s constitution on March 9, 2006, the Sultan was purportedly granted infallibility under Bruneian law.
On March 4, 2008, the LegCo convened for its inaugural meeting of the fourth session at a new facility situated on Jalan Kebangsaan. During the ceremony, amid the Royal Salute and a guard of honor composed of officers from the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF), the Sultan presided over the proceedings and marked the occasion by signing a commemorative plaque.
A significant national event took place on February 23, 2009, at the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium, where Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah participated in Brunei’s Silver Jubilee National Day celebration. Accompanied by members of the royal family and prominent leaders, the Sultan inspected the guard of honor and witnessed a march past. During the ceremony, 25 young representatives from various government bodies, private sector entities, higher education institutions, and associations took part in reciting the National Day oath. The flawless field performances, segmented into six parts, symbolized the theme of the celebration, “Kedewasaan Bernegara” (Maturity of the Nation). To commemorate the occasion, the Sultan instituted the Silver Jubilee National Day Medal.
The overarching theme of “Knowledge and Innovation, Increase Productivity, Accelerated Economic Growth” guided the Tenth National Development Plan (RKN10, 2012–2017), focusing on initiatives aimed at achieving swifter and more robust economic growth.
In 2014, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei announced the imminent implementation of stringent Islamic criminal laws, a move that stirred unusual domestic dissent against the immensely affluent ruler and drew global condemnation. The sultanate’s intentions to enforce Sharia penalties, including flogging, amputation, and death by stoning, provoked widespread outcry across social media platforms. Initially scheduled for introduction on April 22, 2014, the delayed execution of these penalties fueled speculation about the sultan’s hesitance. Nonetheless, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah emphasized their necessity by Islamic principles, dismissing criticism of their severity as unfounded.
Additionally, in 2015, Hassanal Bolkiah prohibited public celebrations of Christmas, prohibiting activities such as wearing Santa Claus attire or displaying related decorations. This ban was specifically directed at local Muslims, while Christians retained the right to privately observe Christmas. On December 25, 2015, a significant number of Bruneian Catholics, primarily Chinese and expatriates, attended Christmas Mass despite restrictions on public displays of holiday cheer, particularly in shopping centers.
Furthermore, on October 22, 2015, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah assumed the role of Brunei’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, succeeding his younger brother Prince Mohamed Bolkiah. Under the Eleventh National Development Plan (RKN11, 2018–2023), which focused on “Increasing Non-Oil and Gas Sector Output as Catalysts for Economic Growth,” efforts were intensified to bolster economic diversification beyond traditional oil and gas sectors.
Golden Jubilee
On October 5, 2017, Brunei celebrated the momentous occasion of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s 50th anniversary since ascending to the throne, a day declared by the Sultan himself as profoundly historic for both his people and himself. In his address, Sultan Hassanal emphasized the importance of reciprocal responsibility between him and his subjects.
The commemorative event garnered significant international attention and was graced by the presence of distinguished leaders and dignitaries from around the world. According to official announcements from their respective governments, Prime Ministers Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore, Hun Sen of Cambodia, Najib Razak of Malaysia, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar, President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines, and Joko Widodo of Indonesia were among those slated to attend the festivities.
In addition to these prominent figures, numerous royal guests, including Prince Edward and his wife Sophie, were also in attendance to mark this historic milestone in Brunei’s royal history.
Ahead of the Golden Jubilee
Before the Golden Jubilee parade, a crowd of 80,000 people gathered in the heart of the capital, under overcast skies outside Istana Nurul Iman. The Grand Chamberlain led the royal procession, with the marching bands of the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF) and the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) following suit. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah ascended his royal chariot near the Bandar Seri Begawan Fire Station. As the procession commenced through the streets, tens of thousands of well-wishers cheered and waved the national flag, chanting “Daulat Kebawah Duli Tuan Patik! Daulat” (Long live the king).
Earlier in the day, festivities unfolded at the Sultan’s palace, where the Sultan and the Queen consort sat on golden thrones for a royal audience, accompanied by a 21-gun salute from an honor guard. The royal chariot, drawn by fifty specially selected attendants, traversed a 5-kilometer route. Joining their Majesties on the chariot were Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah, Princes Abdul Azim, Abdul Malik, Abdul Mateen, and Abdul Wakeel, as well as Princess Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah. This display, reserved for auspicious royal occasions, featured traditional drumming and showcased ornate gold and silver weaponry, including the Kampilan (dagger) and Kalasak (shield).
The Sultan’s Golden Jubilee continued with various events throughout October, including the inauguration of the Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha Bridge on October 14 and the Eco-Corridor Park on October 22. Additionally, the Golden Jubilee was commemorated with the creation of His Majesty Sultan’s Golden Jubilee Medal, which includes three distinct classes. On December 2, 2017, the Royal Regalia Building was renamed the Royal Regalia Museum in honor of the Sultan’s Golden Jubilee celebration.
Pandemic and Beyond
Amidst the surge of COVID-19 cases in May 2020, Brunei demonstrated its greatest strength in swift responsiveness. The government promptly implemented lockdown measures and established quarantine centers to detain returning citizens. As domestic social restrictions gradually eased, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah emphasized the importance of continued vigilance and caution.
In a decisive move, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah swiftly prohibited foreigners from entering Brunei and imposed restrictions on Bruneian nationals traveling abroad, highlighting his firm leadership during the crisis. His role as an Islamic authority added further significance to his directives, underscoring his commitment to safeguarding public health and well-being.
Brunei’s proactive measures under Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s leadership during the pandemic underscored the nation’s resilience and commitment to protecting its citizens and residents.
Hassanal Bolkiah’s Leadership and International Engagements
As Brunei’s paramount political and religious figure, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah has steadfastly guided the nation through both moral and practical leadership during critical periods. Emphasizing the Islamic perspective, he reminded Bruneians that the COVID-19 pandemic is a divine test, urging adherence to social distancing, enhanced hygiene practices, increased prayers, and contemplation of the Quran to combat the virus effectively. Such attitudes were crucial in ensuring public compliance with health protocols.
On April 1, 2021, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah led by example by receiving the COVID-19 vaccination at Istana Nurul Iman in Bandar Seri Begawan. He subsequently authorized the gradual rollout of the vaccination program to the public, earning him praise as the “caring monarch” for his unwavering support and provision for the people of Brunei during the evolving pandemic.
In a gesture of international respect, on September 19, 2022, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and Prince Abdul Mateen attended the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey in London. He directed that the national flag be flown at half-mast at government buildings and Brunei’s diplomatic missions abroad as a mark of tribute to the late Queen.
Addressing regional and international affairs, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah has consistently advocated for peace, moderation, and adherence to international humanitarian law. At the ASEAN-GCC Summit in October 2023, he called upon the international community and the UN Security Council to support comprehensive peace initiatives in the Middle East, including addressing the plight of Palestinians. On the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, he reiterated the unresolved status of the Palestinian question and established the National Committee for the Humanitarian Fund for Palestinians in Gaza 2023.
During Brunei’s 40th National Day on February 22, 2024, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah delivered a poignant address, describing the nation’s independence as a divine blessing. He underscored the importance of unity, patriotism, and upholding religious values, sovereignty, and national identity. The Sultan attributed Brunei’s strong performance in international indices to the success of the National Development Plans (RKN), which have focused on developing the workforce and implementing innovative solutions.
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s leadership continues to shape Brunei’s trajectory, both domestically and on the global stage, emphasizing stability, compassion, and strategic international engagement.
Foreign Policy
Hassanal Bolkiah has placed significant emphasis on enhancing and strengthening Brunei Darussalam’s relationships with countries worldwide. He has embarked on numerous diplomatic journeys across Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the United States, fostering bilateral and multilateral ties.
A pivotal moment in Brunei’s international engagement was Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s address to the United Nations General Assembly in September 1984, marking Brunei Darussalam’s admission to the United Nations. This milestone paved the way for Brunei to establish itself as an active member of the international community, joining prominent bodies such as ASEAN and the United Nations (UN).
In the same year of Brunei’s UN admission, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah formalized diplomatic relations with several nations, including Singapore, expanding Brunei’s diplomatic footprint globally. Reflecting the historical ties, he was bestowed knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, under whose protection Brunei remained until its independence in 1984.
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s leadership on the global stage was further underscored by his role as Chairman of the APEC Leaders’ Summit in 2000 when Brunei Darussalam hosted the prestigious gathering. This summit provided a platform for regional cooperation and economic dialogue among APEC member economies, showcasing Brunei’s commitment to international cooperation and economic integration.
Throughout his tenure, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah has consistently pursued a foreign policy characterized by diplomacy, engagement, and strategic alliances, positioning Brunei as a respected and influential player in regional and global affairs.
Trade and Diplomatic Engagements
The signing of the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) between Brunei and the United States on December 16, 2002, in Washington, D.C., marked a pivotal moment in enhancing trade and investment relations between the two nations. This agreement is expected to foster expanded economic cooperation and opportunities between Brunei and the United States.
On December 27, 2004, Brunei further solidified its international air connectivity by signing the Multilateral Agreement on the Liberalization of Passenger Air Services. This open skies agreement facilitates unrestricted traffic rights (third and fourth freedom) for airlines operated by Brunei into signatory states, including transport from non-signatory countries. Notably, Singapore and Thailand are among the other signatories to this agreement, bolstering regional air travel connectivity.
Building on its open skies policy, Brunei expanded its air connectivity with the United Arab Emirates through the signing of a bilateral liberalized air services agreement on April 19, 2005. This agreement has enabled increased flexibility and opportunities in aviation operations between the two countries.
On June 18, 2007, Brunei and Japan entered into the “Agreement between Japan and Brunei Darussalam for an Economic Partnership,” focusing on collaboration in energy, human resource development, and capability enhancement. This agreement underscores Brunei’s strategic economic engagement with Japan, a key partner in the Asia-Pacific region.
Further expanding its diplomatic and economic engagements, Brunei signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Kuwait on July 25, 2008, aimed at fostering cooperation in the economics and technology sectors. Additionally, Brunei established formal diplomatic relations with Kenya on August 11, 2008, broadening its diplomatic footprint in Africa.
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s leadership in regional diplomacy was highlighted during his chairmanship of the ASEAN Summit in 2013 and 2021. Under Brunei Darussalam’s chairmanship, these summits and related meetings within the ASEAN framework served as platforms for promoting regional cooperation, and economic integration and addressing pressing regional issues.
Through these initiatives and engagements, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah has reinforced Brunei’s position as a proactive and influential player in international trade, aviation, diplomacy, and regional cooperation.
International Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation
On September 30, 2015, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah addressed global leaders, affirming the United Nations’ unparalleled role and enduring significance over its 70-year history, despite ongoing debates about its effectiveness. Emphasizing the urgency of global challenges, including poverty eradication, inequality reduction, and climate change mitigation over the next 15 years, he highlighted the unanimous endorsement by all 193 UN Member States of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This framework underscores collective global efforts toward sustainable development, to which he alluded.
Within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah underscored shared values among member states, including territorial integrity, non-interference, adherence to the rule of law, and good governance. These principles serve as foundational elements for enhancing regional cooperation and promoting peace. He advocated for cultural exchanges as a means to foster empathy and mutual understanding among peoples, crucial for preventing future conflicts.
In August 2016, Brunei and Singapore celebrated 40 years of bilateral defense relations, underscoring the longstanding partnership between the two nations in ensuring regional stability and security. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah made his fourth state visit to Singapore on July 5-6, 2017, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the Currency Interchangeability Agreement (CIA). During this visit, commemorative $50 notes were jointly introduced by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Former President Tony Tan Keng Yam hosted a state banquet in honor of the occasion, reflecting the warm bilateral ties between Brunei and Singapore.
Further demonstrating Brunei’s active diplomacy, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Bangkok on November 18, 2022, highlighting ongoing efforts to strengthen bilateral relations and cooperation between Brunei and China.
In June 2023, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah visited the Kingdom of Bahrain at the invitation of King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, marking the 35th anniversary of diplomatic ties between Bahrain and Brunei. This visit underscored the close bilateral relations between the two countries and explored opportunities for enhanced collaboration in finance, investment, and military cooperation.
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s engagements underscore Brunei’s commitment to proactive diplomacy, regional cooperation, and fostering mutually beneficial partnerships on the global stage. These efforts contribute to Brunei’s role as a respected and influential member of the international community, dedicated to promoting peace, stability, and sustainable development.
Controversies
Shannon Marketic Incident
In 1997, Shannon Marketing brought forward allegations against Prince Jefri Bolkiah, younger brother of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, accusing him of hiring women, including herself and Miss USA 1997 Brandi Sherwood, under pretenses for promotional work. Marketing claimed they were instead held against their will, subjected to drugging, and sexually abused. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah denied these allegations. Despite Marketic’s legal action, which named Sherwood as another victim, Sherwood chose not to pursue her lawsuit. After 18 months of litigation, the US court dismissed the case, citing sovereign immunity that shielded the sultan as a head of state from such lawsuits.
AMEDEO Crisis
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah faced significant controversy involving his brother Prince Jefri Bolkiah and the Amedeo group, a network of companies and investment vehicles. In July 1998, the Amedeo group collapsed under a staggering debt of US$10 billion. It was revealed that between 1983 and mid-1998, approximately US$40 billion in “special transfers” were made from accounts of the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA). An independent investigation highlighted that about US$14.8 billion were transferred to Prince Jefri’s accounts, with additional funds allocated to the sultan and government purposes, while the destinations and purposes of the remaining transfers remained unclear due to the secretive nature surrounding state and royal finances.
Prince Jefri was accused of misappropriating state funds for personal investments through BIA and Amedeo companies, leading to his removal as head of BIA. In February 2000, the Bruneian government sought a freezing order on Prince Jefri’s overseas assets, sparking countersuits in New York. Following extensive negotiations, a confidential settlement was reached in May 2000, with Prince Jefri agreeing to return numerous assets to the state, including properties, vehicles, artworks, boats, and aircraft.
Despite the settlement, disputes arose over the non-disclosure of assets by Prince Jefri and unauthorized withdrawals from frozen accounts, prompting renewed legal battles. These proceedings extended to international courts, including the Privy Council in London, where Prince Jefri’s claims were dismissed, and he was ordered to return the remaining assets to Brunei. Subsequent litigation continued in Malaysia and the Cayman Islands, resulting in Brunei gaining control over prestigious properties like the Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles and The New York Palace Hotel.
In a collateral litigation in the High Court of England and Wales, Prince Jefri faced allegations of contempt for alleged misstatements regarding his asset disclosures. Despite a warrant issued for his arrest, Prince Jefri’s legal status and involvement in subsequent national functions in Brunei suggest ongoing reconciliation within the royal family.
As of October 2009, Prince Jefri retains his royal titles and decorations and participates in significant national events, indicating a semblance of reconciliation despite the turbulent history of the AMEDEO crisis and its aftermath. His presence at national gatherings, including legislative ceremonies, underscores the complexities and enduring influence of Brunei’s royal family dynamics.
Anti-LGBT and Death by Stoning Legislation
During his tenure as Prime Minister, Hassanal Bolkiah has been instrumental in enacting legislation that imposes severe penalties, including death by stoning, for homosexuality and adultery in Brunei, effective from April 3, 2019. This controversial policy sparked widespread international condemnation and protests.
The introduction of Sharia law penal provisions, which included punishments such as stoning, severing of limbs, and flogging for offenses like abortion, adultery, and same-sex relationships, drew intense scrutiny globally. These laws applied universally within Brunei, regardless of the perpetrator’s social status, although their enforcement was confined to acts committed within the country’s borders.
In response to these draconian measures, prominent figures including George Clooney, Elton John, and Ellen DeGeneres called for boycotts against hotels owned by the Bruneian royal family, notably the Dorchester Collection, which operates luxury establishments in the United States and Europe. The Dorchester Collection, managed by the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), became a focal point of international outrage due to its association with the Sultan’s policies.
The controversy extended into various sectors, with the fashion industry and LGBT advocacy groups joining calls for boycotts against Dorchester Collection hotels. Fashion designers Brian Atwood and Peter Som were among those who urged broader protests within their industry.
In January 2013, Hassanal Bolkiah was honored by the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) as the first Companion of the college for his contributions to healthcare in Brunei and abroad. However, in April 2019, the RCGP rescinded this honor in response to the Sultan’s support for anti-LGBT laws that conflicted with the organization’s principles and values.
Under mounting international pressure and condemnation, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah announced a moratorium on the implementation of capital punishment for homosexuality and pledged to ratify the United Nations Convention Against Torture. These steps were seen as attempts to mitigate the backlash and alleviate concerns raised by human rights organizations and governments worldwide.
Car Collection Controversy
At one time, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah possessed one of the world’s largest private car collections, estimated at 2,500 cars. The collection, initially assembled by his brother Prince Jefri Bolkiah, was intended to indulge the royal family’s passion for automobiles. However, the extravagant expenditures associated with this and other indulgences contributed to significant financial troubles within the royal family, leading to a crisis.
Ultimately, many of the cars in the collection were left neglected and abandoned. Some vehicles deteriorated beyond salvage, while others were auctioned off to address the financial repercussions of Prince Jefri’s lavish spending.
The car collection saga highlighted the intersection of personal extravagance with broader financial mismanagement issues within Brunei’s royal family, underscoring the complexities of wealth and privilege amid economic challenges and public scrutiny.
[Stay tuned as we continue this journey together in the next blog. We appreciate your patience and can’t wait to share more with you soon!]
